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Fluorescent probes and functional materials for biomedical applications

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第10期页码 1425-1437 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2163-1

摘要： Due to their simplicity in preparation, sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescent probes have become the analytical tool of choice in a wide range of research and industrial fields, facilitating the rapid detection of chemical substances of interest as well as the study of important physiological and pathological processes at the cellular level. In addition, many long-wavelength fluorescent probes developed have also proven applicable for in vivo biomedical applications including fluorescence-guided disease diagnosis and theranostics (e.g., fluorogenic prodrugs). Impressive progresses have been made in the development of sensing agents and materials for the detection of ions, organic small molecules, and biomacromolecules including enzymes, DNAs/RNAs, lipids, and carbohydrates that play crucial roles in biological and disease-relevant events. Here, we highlight examples of fluorescent probes and functional materials for biological applications selected from the special issues “Fluorescent Probes” and “Molecular Sensors and Logic Gates” recently published in this journal, offering insights into the future development of powerful fluorescence-based chemical tools for basic biological studies and clinical translation.

关键词： fluorescent probes imaging cell biomedicine biomolecules

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Recent advances of small-molecule fluorescent probes for detecting biological hydrogen sulfide

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 34-63 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2050-1

摘要： H₂S is well-known as a colorless, acidic gas, with a notoriously rotten-egg smell. It was recently revealed that H₂S is also an endogenous signaling molecule that has important biological functions, however, most of its physiology and pathology remains elusive. Therefore, the enthusiasm for H₂S research remains. Fluorescence imaging technology is an important tool for H₂S biology research. The development of fluorescence imaging technology has realized the study of H₂S in subcellular organelles, facilitated by the development of fluorescent probes. The probes reviewed in this paper were categorized according to their chemical mechanism of sensing and were divided into three groups: H₂S reducibility-based probes, H₂S nucleophilicity-based probes, and metal sulfide precipitation-based probes. The structure of the probes, their sensing mechanism, and imaging results have been discussed in detail. Moreover, we also introduced some probes for hydrogen polysulfides.

关键词： hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probe reducibility nucleophilicity copper sulfide precipitate hydrogen polysulfides

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Special issue on “Fluorescent probes”

Adam C. Sedgwick, Tony D. James

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 1-3 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1910-4

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Recent advances in small molecule fluorescent probes for simultaneous imaging of two bioactive molecules

Yongqing Zhou, Xin Wang, Wei Zhang, Bo Tang, Ping Li

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 4-33 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2041-2

摘要： The interrelationships and synergistic regulations of bioactive molecules play pivotal roles in physiological and pathological processes involved in the initiation and development of some diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the simultaneous, accurate and timely detection of two bioactive molecules is crucial to explore their roles and pathological mechanisms in related diseases. Fluorescence imaging associated with small molecular probes has been widely used in the imaging of bioactive molecules in living cells and due to its excellent performances, including high sensitivity and selectivity, noninvasive properties, real-time and high spatial temporal resolution. Single organic molecule fluorescent probes have been successively developed to simultaneously monitor two biomolecules to uncover their synergistic relationships in living systems. Hence, in this review, we focus on summarizing the design strategies, classifications, and bioimaging applications of dual-response fluorescent probes over the past decade. Furthermore, future research directions in this field are proposed.

关键词： bioactive molecules fluorescent probes in living cells and in vivo review

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Design and use of group-specific primers and probes for real-time quantitative PCR

Juntaek LIM, Seung Gu SHIN, Seungyong LEE, Seokhwan HWANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 28-39 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0302-x

摘要： Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has gained popularity as a technique to detect and quantify a specific group of target microorganisms from various environmental samples including soil, water, sediments, and sludge. Although qPCR is a very useful technique for nucleic acid quantification, accurately quantifying the target microbial group strongly depends on the quality of the primer and probe used. Many aspects of conducting qPCR assays have become increasingly routine and automated; however, one of the most important aspects, designing and selecting primer and probe sets, is often a somewhat arcane process. In many cases, failed or non-specific amplification can be attributed to improperly designed primer-probe sets. This paper is intended to provide guidelines and general principles for designing group-specific primers and probes for qPCR assays. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these guidelines by reviewing the use of qPCR to study anaerobic processes and biologic nutrient removal processes. qPCR assays using group-specific primers and probes designed with this method, have been used to successfully quantify 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers from target methanogenic and ammonia- oxidizing bacteria in various laboratory- and full-scale biologic processes. Researchers with a good command of primer and probe design can use qPCR as a valuable tool to study biodiversity and to develop more efficient control strategies for biologic processes.

关键词： absolute quantification design guideline primer probe real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)

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Near-infrared benzodiazoles as small molecule environmentally-sensitive fluorophores

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 128-135 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2080-8

摘要： The development of fluorophores emitting in the near-infrared spectral window has gained increased attention given their suitable features for biological imaging. In this work, we have optimised a general and straightforward synthetic approach to prepare a small library of near-infrared-emitting C-bridged nitrobenzodiazoles using commercial precursors. C-bridged benzodiazoles have low molecular weight and neutral character as important features that are not common in most near-infrared dyes. We have investigated their fluorescence response in the presence of a wide array of 60 different biomolecules and identified compound 3i as a potential chemosensor to discriminate between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in aqueous media.

关键词： fluorescence probes iron screening library

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N-Positive ion activated rapid addition and mitochondrial targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes

Yan Shi, Fangjun Huo, Yongkang Yue, Caixia Yin

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 64-71 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2048-8

摘要： Heterocyclic compound quinoline and its derivatives exist in natural compounds and have a broad spectrum of biological activity. They play an important role in the design of new structural entities for medical applications. Similarly, indoles and their derivatives are found widely in nature. Amino acids, alkaloids and auxin are all derivatives of indoles, as are dyes, and their condensation with aldehydes makes it easy to construct reaction sites for nucleophilic addition agents. In this work, we combine these two groups organically to construct a rapid response site (within 30 s) for H S, and at the same time, a ratiometric fluorescence response is presented throughout the process of H S detection. As such, the lower detection limit can reach 55.7 nmol/L for H S. In addition, cell imaging shows that this probe can be used for the mitochondrial targeted detection of endogenous and exogenous H S. Finally, this probe application was verified by imaging H S in nude mice.

关键词： heterocyclic compound hydrogen sulfide ratiometric mitochondrial targeted

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Probes and nano-delivery systems targeting NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1: a mini-review

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 123-138 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2194-7

摘要： The two-electron cytoplasmic reductase NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is expressed in many tissues. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is well-known for being highly expressed in most cancers. Therefore, it could be a target for cancer therapy. Because it is a quinone reductase, many bioimaging probes based on quinone structures target NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 to diagnose tumours. Its expression is higher in tumours than in normal tissues, and using target drugs such as β-lapachone to reduce side effects in normal tissues can help. However, the physicochemical properties of β-lapachone limit its application. The problem can be solved by using nanosystems to deliver β-lapachone. This mini-review summarizes quinone-based fluorescent, near-infrared and two-photon fluorescent probes, as well as nanosystems for delivering the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1-activating drug β-lapachone. This review provides valuable information for the future development of probes and nano-delivery systems that target NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1.

关键词： NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 cancer therapy target probe nanosystem